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Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza) is a novel cap‑dependent endonuclease inhibitor for the treatment of influenza A and B. As a prodrug, it is rapidly converted in vivo to its active form, baloxavir acid, which blocks viral replication. Its long half‑life allows for a single oral dose over the entire treatment course. Originally developed by Shionogi from an HIV integrase inhibitor lead, it was later co‑developed with Roche and first approved in Japan (2018), then in the US (2018), and in China (2021), where it was added to the national reimbursement list. The industrial synthesis has been optimized across three generations for improved atom economy and environmental sustainability. Baloxavir marboxil offers a new paradigm in influenza therapy and inspires further antiviral drug discovery.

Amenamevir (Amenalief) is an antiviral drug jointly developed by Japan's Astellas and Maruho. It works by inhibiting the activity of helicase-primerase during viral DNA replication, thereby blocking viral proliferation and treating herpes zoster. The drug was approved for marketing in Japan in August 2017. The dosage regimen is as follows: adults should take 400 mg once daily after meals.

Vibegron is a potent and selective β₃-adrenergic receptor agonist approved by the FDA in December 2020 for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) and urge urinary incontinence. This small molecule (C₂₆H₂₈N₄O₃, MW 444.53) enhances bladder capacity by relaxing the detrusor muscle. A landmark synthetic route developed by Merck in 2018 features a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) enabled by a rationally designed ketoreductase (KRED‑p301), which converts a racemic ketone into the chiral amino alcohol with 95% yield and 99.4% enantiomeric excess. The total synthesis proceeds through seven key steps: oxidation–Strecker–Boc protection, Grignard addition, enzymatic DKR, Sonogashira coupling, alkaline intramolecular cyclization, TMS protection/hydrogenation with excellent diastereoselectivity (95:5), and final amide bond formation (93% yield). This concise and highly enantioselective approach underscores the power of biocatalysis in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Icatibant acetate is a synthetic decapeptide approved by the FDA in 2011 for the acute treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE) in adults. Acting as a potent, selective competitive antagonist of the bradykinin B2 receptor, it counteracts bradykinin‑induced vasodilation and vascular permeability, thereby alleviating swelling, inflammation, and pain during HAE attacks. The peptide incorporates five non‑proteinogenic amino acids, which confer high stability and receptor affinity.

Natural peptides are excellent "molecular keys" - they have high affinity, good selectivity and low toxicity. However, they inherently have three major weaknesses: they are easily chopped up by proteases, have difficulty penetrating cell membranes, and stay in the body for too short a time. Over the past three decades, pharmaceutical professionals have systematically addressed these shortcomings with a "toolbox of special amino acids". This article uses plain language and a large number of charts to guide CMC R&D peers to disassemble and understand this toolbox from principle to implementation.

Pralatrexate is a specialized antifolate chemotherapy drug primarily used for the treatment of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Since its introduction, it has become an important therapeutic option for patients who have limited treatment alternatives.