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Etrasimod (APD334) is a potent, orally bioavailable, and selective antagonist of the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors S1P₁, S1P₄, and S1P₅, featuring a unique cyclopenta[b]indole core structure with a trifluoromethyl-substituted benzyl ether side chain . Structurally, the molecule consists of a (3R)-7-[[4-cyclopentyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl acetic acid scaffold, with the R stereochemistry at the C3 position being critical for receptor binding .

Ensifentrine (RPL554) is a first-in-class, inhaled dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), featuring a unique pyrimido[6,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one core structure with a 9,10-dimethoxy substitution pattern and a 2-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imino side chain .

Dotinurad (FYU-981) is a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor featuring a phenol derivative core structure with a 1,1-dioxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-1,3-benzothiazole scaffold . Structurally, the molecule consists of a dichlorohydroxyphenyl ketone moiety linked to a benzothiazole ring system bearing a sulfone group at the 1,1-dioxide position .

Filgotinib (GLPG0634, CAS 1206161-97-8) is an orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), a member of the JAK family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that plays a central role in the JAK/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway.

Tapinarof (CAS 79338-84-4), also known as benvitimod or GSK2894512, is a naturally occurring stilbene compound originally isolated from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens . Structurally, Tapinarof features a stilbene core (1,2-diphenylethene) with a molecular formula of C₁₇H₁₈O₂ and a molecular weight of 254.32 g/mol .

Ozanimod (CAS 1306760-87-1), also known as RPC1063, is a selective, orally bioavailable sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P₁) modulator . Structurally, Ozanimod features a complex molecular architecture centered on a 1,2,4-oxadiazole core linking an indane-amine moiety to a cyanophenyl isopropoxy group, with a molecular formula of C₂₃H₂₄N₄O₃ and a molecular weight of 404.46 g/mol . The molecule contains a chiral center at the indane 1-position, with the (S)-enantiomer being the active pharmacological form .