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Apremilast (CAS 608141-41-9) is an orally bioavailable small-molecule phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that selectively modulates intracellular cAMP levels. The molecule features a phthalimide core with an acetamide substituent at the 4-position and a chiral (S)-1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylsulfonylethyl side chain at the 2-position.

Migalastat HCl (CAS 75172-81-5) is a small-molecule iminosugar that functions as a competitive, reversible inhibitor and pharmacological chaperone of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). Chemically known as 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ) hydrochloride, Migalastat HCl features a piperidine ring with four stereocenters that mirror the configuration of D-galactose.

Bazedoxifene (CAS 198481-32-2) is a third-generation, indole-based, nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). The molecule features a characteristic indole core with a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent at the 2-position, a methyl group at the 3-position, and a 4-(2-(azepan-1-yl)ethoxy)benzyl side chain attached to the indole nitrogen.

Duvelisib (CAS 1201438-56-3) is a potent and selective oral small-molecule dual inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-δ and PI3K-γ. The molecule features a complex isoquinolinone core fused with a purine moiety through a chiral ethylamine linker, creating a rigid, three-dimensional architecture that enables high-affinity binding to the ATP-binding pocket of PI3K isoforms.

Cabozantinib is a potent, orally active multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that targets multiple receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Structurally, Cabozantinib features a quinoline core substituted with a dimethoxyphenyl ether at the 4-position, linked through an amide bond to a fluorophenylcarbamoyl cyclopropane moiety.

Velpatasvir is a potent, second-generation hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor that has revolutionized the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Structurally, Velpatasvir is a complex synthetic molecule featuring a central biphenyl core linked to two pyrrolidine-based carbamate moieties, with each arm containing a phenyl-substituted imidazole ring system.